A. Prevalence, Nature, Theories on the ProblemThis is a featured page

A-1. Prevalence & Nature of the Problem Among Young People (Including holistic understanding of the problem and comprehensive approaches to program/policy/practice development)


The prevalence of mental health problems and illnesses among children and youth in Canada can be described as follows. Over 70% of mental illnesses begin their onset during childhood and adolescence. The international survey, Health Behaviors in School Age Children, indicates that Canadian young people are less able to access social support from their parents or peers relative to other countries.
According to Encarta, Canada’s suicide rate has historically been similar to or slightly higher than that of the United States. More than 3,500 suicides are recorded in Canada each year, at a rate of about 11 per 100,000. An accurate comparison of suicide rates among countries is difficult because of the unreliability of official suicide statistics and varying methods of certifying how deaths occurred. A 2002 federal Report on Mental Illnesses in Canada reported that 4.1 to 4.6% of people each year will report major depression, 0.3% will report schizophrenia, 12.2% will report anxiety disorders, about 1% of women will report eating disorders and 12.2 per 100,000 will commit suicide (24% of which are among youth aged 15-24. The Canadian Community Health Survey has been used to track general mental health prevalence since 2003. According to the statistics available on the Statistics Canada web site from this survey, perceived mental health among 12-19 year old youth has remained stable each year since 2003. ("Very good or excellent" improved slightly from 76.1% to 78.7%; fair or poor from 3.4% to 3.3%; satisfied or very satisfied with life 94.1% to 94.4%; perceived quite a lot of stress from 18.4% to 16.3%) The answers from this age group did indicate that mood disorders had increased from 2.7% to 3.4% of the population. An analysis of the 2002 CCHS data done by the Canadian Population Health Initiative reports that positive mental health is correlated with self-reported physical health. The CPHI report also noted geographical differences (Newfoundland reported highest levels of PMH). Males reported higher coping skills and emotional well-being, while females reported higher social connectedness and spirituality. Income and education were not consistently linked to high PMH. For example, those with higher education reported higher coping skills but less life enjoyment, social connectedness, spirituality and emotional well-being. Social connectedness and community belonging were the strongest correlates of high PMH.

Canadian Research Canadian Reports/Resources

Overview

Waddell, C., McEwan, K., Shepherd, C. A., Offord, D. R., & Hua, J. M. (2005). A public health strategy to improve the mental health of Canadian children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 226–233

Waddell, C. & Shepherd, C. (2002). Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Children and Youth : A research update prepared for the British Columbia Ministry of Children and Family Development, October 2002. Mental Health Evaluation and Community Consultation Unit (MHECCU),

Statistics Canada. (2003). Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental
health and well-being. The Daily. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/dailyquotidien/030903/dq030903a-eng.htm

Kinark Child and Family Services (2007). “Strudy shows children’s mental health still taboo in Canada.” Retrieved from http://www.kinark.on.ca/news/ news02StudyMediaRelease.aspx

Jacob, P., Yim, R., Ohinmaa, A., Eng, K., Dewa, C.S., Bland, R., Block, R.Slomp, M. (2008). Expenditures for mental health and addictions for Canadian provinces in 2003-2004. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(5), 306-313.


Mary Ellen O’Connell, Thomas Boat, and Kenneth E. Warner, Ed (2009)
Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People Progress and Possibilities NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS, Washington, DC


  • Child and Youth Mental Health Framework: An Evergreen Framework (Mental health Commission of Canada) One of the key initiatives of the Mental Health Commission of Canada is to develop a Mental Health Strategy for Canada. As part of the strategy the Child and Youth Advisory Committee of the Mental Health Commission of Canada is advancing the development of a framework specific to the needs of child and youth mental health. The proposed framework, entitled Evergreen, will complement and provide a child and youth context to the Mental Health Strategy for Canada.
  • Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology (2006) Out of the Shadows at Last: Highlights and Recommendations. Highlights and Recommendations of the Final Report on Mental Health, Mental Illness and Addiction Government of Canada Part One and Part Two
  • Canadian Mental Health Association (2002) A Report on Mental illness in Canada This report is designed to raise the profile of mental illness among government, NGOs, and the industry, education, workplace, and academic sectors. It describes major mental illnesses and outlines their incidence and prevalence, causation, impact, stigma, and prevention and treatment. Policy makers will find the information valuable for shaping policies and services aimed at improving the quality of life of mental health consumers.
  • Suicide-Related Research in Canada: A Descriptive Overview A bibliography of Canadian suicide research references has been appended to this document. Further, an updated bibliography, developed by the Centre for Suicide Prevention and the Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide and Euthanasia, has been developed for Health Canada, and appears as a separate document. Together, the two bibliographies provide a gateway to research on suicide in Canada published during the period 1985 through 2003.
  • Mental Health Promotion For People With Mental Illness - A Discussion Paper With a growing emphasis, supported by the literature, on promoting health by focusing on individuals' strengths, capacities, and recovery capabilities, mental health promotion is becoming an increasingly relevant concept. This paper explores the potential of mental health promotion for people with mental illness.
  • A Report on Mental Illnesses in Canada (2002) Public Health Agency of Canada This report on Mental Illnesses in Canada is designed to raise the profile of mental illness among government and non-government organizations, and the industry, education, workplace, and academic sectors. It describes five major mental illnesses and suicide, and outlines their incidence and prevalence, causation, impact, stigma, and prevention and treatment.
  • All Together Now: How families are affected by depression and manic depression Depression and manic depression are among the most common illnesses in our society, affecting more than 10 out of every 100 people. The All Together Now booklet was designed to help families live and cope with depression and manic depression and provide meaningful coping strategies for families. The booklet, based on the findings of a major research project, was prepared in collaboration with the Canadian Mental Health Association.
  • Divorce and the mental health of children (Statistics Canada, 2005) The study found that children whose parents eventually divorce show higher levels of depression, as well as higher levels of anti-social behaviour, than children whose parents remain married.
  • Mentally Healthy Communities: A Collection of Papers (Canadian Population Health Initiative, 2009 In this collection of papers, the authors explore the questions, "What contributes to a mentally healthy community?" and "What makes some communities more mentally healthy or resilient than others?" The Canadian Population Health Initiative (CPHI) commissioned these papers from experts from across Canada and internationally to foster discussion of the complex ways in which individual, social, cultural, physical and socio-economic determinants may affect individual and community mental health.These papers represent a cross-section of views on diverse topics including workplace mental health, the role of social capital and mental health promotion. In addition, they provide new perspectives on potential indicators of community mental health.
  • Teen Mental Health (Web Site) Teenmentalhealth.org is an award-winning website dedicated to helping improve the mental health of youth by the effective translation and transfer of scientific knowledge. Teenmentalhealth.org is developed by Dr. Stan Kutcher and the Sun Life Financial Chair in Adolescent Mental Health.

  • Toward Recovery and Well-Being: A Framework for a Mental Health Strategy for Canada released in November 2009 by the Mental Health Commission of Canada this report marked the end of the first phase of the work of the Mental Health Commission of Canada to develop a mental health strategy for the country. This framework sets out seven goals for WHAT a transformed mental health system – one that will enable everyone living in Canada to have the opportunity to achieve the best possible mental health and wellbeing – should look like. The second phase of mental health strategy development will involve developing a comprehensive strategic plan for HOW to achieve the framework vision and seven goals. As the next step, a series of Roundtables on key topics will be held between March and September 2010. Approximately 25 people reflecting a cross-section of stakeholders will be invited to each Roundtable.

  • Joubert, N., Taylor, L. & Williams, I. (1996). Mental Health Promotion: The Time Is Now. Ottawa: Mental Health Promotion Unit, Health Canada.

  • Health Canada. (2000). Risk, vulnerability, resilience: Health system implications. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada


A-2 Specific Strengths, Risks, Behaviours and Conditions (These can be a focus on higher risk populations or particularly important behaviours or conditions relevant to the problem)
(
Canadian sources found below.See more from International Research & Resources. Also see the draft Glossary term )

Canadian Research Canadian Reports/Resources

POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH


Emotional Intelligence and Development



Brain Development/Maturation

McLennan, John D.;Huculak, Susan;Sheehan, Debbie (2008) Brief Report: Pilot Investigation of Service Receipt by Young Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders( in Canada) Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, v38 n6 p1192-1196 Jul 2008

Mindfulness/Self-Knowledge


Critical Thinking/Self-Control

Spirituality


Social Skills

Attachment



Physical Activity as MH Promoting Activity


  • Canadian Institute for Health Information (2009) Improving the Health of Canadians: Exploring Positive Mental Health, Ottawa, ON, Author Positive or good mental health is more than just the absence of a mental illness. In fact, according to a new report from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), people reporting higher levels of positive mental health also report better physical health and fewer days of reduced activity. The report examines five aspects of positive mental health, including: life enjoyment; coping ability; emotional well-being; spiritual values and well-being; and social well-being and connectedness. This is the first report of its kind in Canada to offer a comprehensive look at the role positive mental health plays in physical health, including what factors are associated with high levels of positive mental health.

    Pape, B. and Galipeault, J.P. (2002)
    Mental Health Promotion for People with Mental Illness Health Canada Current research literature supports the growing emphasis on promoting health by focusing on individuals‘ strengths, capacities, and recovery capabilities. As a result, mental health promotion is becoming an increasingly relevant concept. This paper explores the potential of mental health promotion for people with mental illness.

MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

Vulnerability in Transition to a new school


Vulnerability in Transition from Pre-school to Kindergarten

Vulnerability while in Transition between primary and secondary school

Vulnerability while in transition between secondary school and work or post-secondary education

Transition between high school and post-secondary/work

Resilience



Children Living with a Parent with a Mental Illness


Bereavement



Stress/Distress


Social Isolation/Loneliness/Social Exclusion

Divorce/Family Breakdown

Homelessness/Transience


Trauma from Natural Disasters/War/Epidemics


  • Canadian Institute for Health Information (2007) Improving the Health of Canadians: Mental Health and Homelessness Ottawa, ON, Author
    This report presents an overview of research, data, interventions and policy directions related to mental health and homelessness. The first section presents estimates of the prevalence of both homelessness and self-reported mental health issues among the homeless in Canada. The second section looks at the effectiveness of two types of related policies and programs—housing and community mental health programs— and their role in promoting mental health and helping people find a way out of homelessness.

  • Canadian Institute for Health Information (2008) Improving the Health of Canadians: Mental Health, Delinquency and Criminal Activity, Ottawa, ON
    This report provides an overview of the latest research, analyses and policy initiatives related to mental health, delinquency and criminal activity. It also presents data on the characteristics of and issues facing individuals with a mental illness who were or are involved with the criminal justice system.

  • Friedli, L. (2009) Mental Health, Resilience and Inequalities: Gap Between Rich and Poor Damages Mental Health ,World Health Organization
    This report shows how the gap between rich and poor affects the mental health of individuals by causing psychological and physiological changes. It also argues that mental health is key to understanding wider health and social issues (low levels of educational achievement and work productivity; higher levels of physical disease and mortality; violence, relationship breakdown and poor community cohesion). In contrast, good mental health leads to better physical health, healthier lifestyles, improved productivity and educational attainment and lower levels of crime and violence. The report says that reducing inequalities must be seen as an integral part of economic development, and recommends that, given the central importance of mental health to the wider functioning of society, all future public policy is assessed for its mental health impact.

  • Duxbury, L. and Higgins, C (2002-05) National Study on Balancing Work, Family and Lifestyle, Ottawa, ON, Public Health Agency of Canada This website contains links to the following four reports:
-The 2001 National Work-Life Conflict Study (2002)
-Work-Life Conflict in Canada in the New Millennium A Status Report (2003)
-Exploring the Link Between Work-Life Conflict and Demands on Canada's Health Care System (2004)
-Who Is at Risk? Predictors of Work-Life Conflict (2005)

  • Work Life Balance in Canadian Workplaces (Public Health Agency of Canada
    This website has been created to help organizations design and implement supportive programs and policies facilitating work-life balance. By reducing work-life struggles, individuals can enjoy a healthier lifestyle while improving productivity at work. The first section allows employers, unions, managers and human resources practitioners to access the latest information and examples of best practices that enhance work-life balance for their employees. The second section highlights the issues of an aging workforce.

  • Kirmayer, L., Boothroyd, L., Laliberte, A., and Laronde Simpson, B (1999) Native Mental Health Research Team – Suicide Prevention and Mental Health Promotion in
    First Nations and Inuit Communities
    , Montreal, QC, McGill University Native Mental Health Research Team This report sets out a rationale and plan of action for suicide prevention and mental health promotion in the First Nations and Inuit communities of Québec. The recommendations are based on the best available information and evaluations of existing programs.












  • Coping with the Stress of Terrorism and Armed Conflict (9/11/02)Terrorist attacks, acts of war, and sudden violent events such as disasters challenge our coping skills, even if we only witness them on television. If they touch our lives more closely (for example, if they occur near where we live, or affect people we know) they can cause a lot of distress, fear and anxiety. We worry about our own safety, the safety of our loved ones and our community.
INTERSECTIONS WITH OTHER HEALTH & SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND CONDITIONS


Canadian Research

Intellectual, Physical and Learning Disabilities

Child Abuse & Neglect/Family Violence

Child Sexual Abuse

Unintentional/Intentional Pregancy

Bullying/Aggression

Addiction (Incl alcohol, tobacco, gambling etc)




Canadian Reports & Resources

  • Bullying: A Developmental Perspective (PREVNET Canada & SAMHSA) Bullying and victimization can start in early childhood and persist through the school years, peaking during the school transitions. This fact sheet written by PREVNet in partnership with SAMHSA includes key research findings, key themes, and implications of bullying from a developmental perspective.
  • Psychosocial Problems and Bullying (PREVNET Canada & SAMHSA) Involvement in bullying and victimization can have devastating and even life-threatening psychological, behavioral, mental and physical health, academic, and social consequences. This fact sheet written by PREVNet in partnership with SAMHSA, includes key research findings, key themes, implications, and recommended reviews of relevant literature of the psychosocial problems associated with bullying


Sexual Orientation/Gender Ambiguity/Homophobia

Chronic Diseases (Cancer, Diabetes etc)

Obesity/Eating Disorders/Body Image/Disordered Eating


Economic Disadvantage/Poverty

Cultural Isolation


Cultural Oppression/Colonization


  • Bullying Experiences for Sexual Minorities This paper investigated whether non-heterosexual youth experience more bullying, sexual harassment, and dating violence than heterosexual youth. The central interest was in the experiences of youth that identify themselves as bisexual or as questioning their sexuality since most research thus far has focused on those that identify themselves using the more definite categories of 'gay' or 'lesbian'. (Williams, Connolly, Pepler, & Craig, 2003)


MENTAL ILLNESSES & DISORDERS

General


Compulsive Behaviours

Anxiety

Waddell C, Godderis R, Hua J, McEwan K, Wong W.
Preventing and treating anxiety disorders in children. The University of British Columbia, 2004.

ADHD

FASD

Behaviour Disorders/Delinquency/Criminal Behaviours


Nachshen, Jennifer S.;Martin-Storey, Alexa; Campisi, Lisa;Stack, Dale;Schwartzman, Alex;Serbin, Lisa (2009) Health and Psychiatric Disparities in Children with Cognitive and Developmental Delays: Implications for Health Policy in Quebec Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, v22 n3 p248-255 May 2009

Depression

Aggression

Self-harm


Suicide

White J.
Preventing suicide in youth: taking action with imperfect knowledge. The University of British Columbia, 2005.

Obsessive Behaviours

Stigma/Help-Seeking

Schonert-Reichl, K.A., Offer, D., & Howard, K.I. (1995). Seeking help from informal and formal resources during adolescence: Sociodemographic and psychological correlates. Adolescent Psychiatry, 20, 165-178

Bi-Polar



A-3 Behavioral Theories that Explain the Problem or Approaches to Prevention (These can be a focus on higher risk populations or particularly important behaviours or conditions relevant to the problem)
(For Canadian sources see below. Click here for more International research & resources. Also see a draft Glossary Term.)

Canadian Research

Canadian Reports/Resources
Overview

Breton, J.J., Boyer, R., Bilodeau, H., Raymond, S., Joubert, N., Nantel, M.A. (2002) Is evaluative research on youth suicide programs theory-driven? The Canadian experience Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior Vol 32, 2, 176-90



Emotional Intelligence

Attachment Theory

Resilience







Stages of Change/Transtheoretical

Cognitive Behavioural Theory


Self-determination

Health Belief

Social Learning

Risk Reduction






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